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Another thing that was
going on at Lincoln Labs

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was the first
iconic programming.

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It was done at Rand Corporation.

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The people who did the wonderful
interactive programming

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language, JOSS, was
done for economists

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and other non-computer
specialist

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at Rand who had to compute.

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And one of their
complaints about--

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really their only
complaint about JOSS

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was they said, hey,
none of us can type.

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Can't you do
something about that?

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So that led to the invention
of the first data tablet.

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It was called the
Rand Tablet back then.

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And this system from
about 1968 called GRAIL,

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for Graphical Input Language.

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This list of processes
takes us back

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to the topmost level where we
may start to edit the flow--

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No keyboard whatsoever.

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First, we erase a flow arrow.

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Then move the connector
out of the way

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so that we may draw
a box in its place.

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Recognize he wanted
a box and made one.

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Now it's recognizing
his hand printing.

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Uses commentary
only in this case.

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The box is slightly too large.

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Wants to change the
size of the window.

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Here's where Macintosh Window
Control came from literally.

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Then draw a flow from
the connector to the box.

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Attach a decision
element to the box,

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and draw a flow from it to scan.

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Notice that every command is not
just iconic but also analogic.

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New area.

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And by that I mean that it looks
like the thing that you want.

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So if you want to
scrub something out,

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you scrub it out.

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If you want to draw a
box, you just draw a box.

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It recognizes he wants one,
makes one the same size.

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Chop off a corner.

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And label it subscan.

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You want characters, you
just make characters.

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And it recognizes those.

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There are no menus to reach to.

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You're always looking directly
at where you're working.